BUDGE ING, Maxim Integrated Products Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif. [email protected] Because digital systems often have only a single-polarity power supply, a common problem becomes translating an ...

Matching a sensor interface with a programmable logic converter or controller hardware that can accept only one type of input—npn or pnp—can be difficult. The last-stage modification circuit described ...

A previously-published Design Idea outlined a polarity protection circuit that provides the correct connection of the battery to a load regardless of the battery’s orientation in its holder. The ...

The two types of standard transistors are PNP and NPN which differs in circuit symbols. The layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor are denoted by the letters. To keep a straight ...